Az Európai Unióban engedélyezett rovarfajok elemzése: szakirodalmi áttekintés
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17108/ActAgrOvar.2025.66.2.118Kulcsszavak:
engedélyezett rovarfajok, fenntartható fehérjeforrás, körforgásos gazdálkodás, tápérték, ipari hasznosíthatóságAbsztrakt
A globális fehérjeválság és a fenntartható élelmiszertermelés iránti igény felgyorsította az alternatív fehérjeforrások, köztük az ehető rovarok kutatását. Az Európai Unió (EU) 2015/2283-as Novel Food-rendelete és az EFSA kockázatértékelései alapján jelenleg kilenc rovarfaj – Tenebrio molitor, Alphitobius diaperinus, Acheta domesticus, Gryllus assimilis, Gryllodes sigillatus, Locusta migratoria, Hermetia illucens, Bombyx mori és Musca domestica – engedélyezett emberi fogyasztásra vagy takarmányozási célra. A tanulmány célja a biológiai, táplálkozási és környezeti jellemzők szintézise, valamint a rovarfehérje-ipar szerepének értékelése a körforgásos gazdálkodásban. A módszertan PRISMA-alapú szakirodalmi áttekintésre épült, amely a 2015-2025 közötti Q1-Q2 folyóiratokat, EFSA-dokumentumokat és LCA-adatokat elemezte. Az eredmények szerint a vizsgált fajok fehérjetartalma 40-70 %, zsírtartalma 15-35 % között változik, míg aminosav-profiljuk és zsírsav-összetételük a hagyományos állati fehérjeforrásokkal egyenértékű. Az LCA-elemzések alapján a rovarfehérje-előállítás üvegházhatásúgáz-kibocsátása akár 80-90 %-kal alacsonyabb a marha- vagy sertéshúsénál. A kutatás rávilágít arra, hogy a rovarfajok biológiai diverzitása, ipari adaptálhatósága és környezeti előnyei jelentős szerepet játszhatnak a jövő fenntartható élelmiszer- és takarmányrendszereinek kialakításában.
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